Conception and practice of "three dimensions and four stages" clinical orientation method for post-marketing evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

The article summarized the relevant researches on the clinical orientation of Chinese patent medicines, and put forward the post-marking principle and strategies of the clinical orientation. The principle could be illustrated by four criteria: overall design, step-by-step implementation, from easiness to hardness, gradual concentration. The strategies were as follows: first carrying out the projects with little cost of money and time, and then the projects requiring much cost of money and time, so that the possibility of fai-lure would be put forward at an early stage to reduce the loss caused by research failure as much as possible by consolidating the research projects with less investment at the early stage and gradually increasing the research projects with more investment at the later stage. On this basis, the "three dimensions and four stages" key technology was proposed for the post-marketing clinical orientation of traditional Chinese medicine. Medicines, diseases and patients were the "three dimensions", so we should understand the features and interaction of the target indications, symptoms and population to establish a three-dimensional clinical positioning coordinate system. "Four stages" were the four steps of clues analyzing, hypothesis orientation, preliminary verification and clinical validation. Each latter stage should be started after full completion of the former one, and the latter stage results shall be used to validate and revise the former clinical orientational hypothesis, continuously forming a feedback circle. Based on the sufficient verification of previous study, prospective clinical trials were implemented at last to get the best evidence-based evidence of clinical orientational hypothesis.

Research and Development Strategy of Classical Formula Compound Preparation / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Although the country has promulgated a list of 100 classical famous formula,there are still many confusions and choices in the development of compound preparations from classical prescriptions. In this paper,the development strategy of classical formula compound preparation was elaborated from three aspects:the evaluation of draggability,the consideration of industrialization and the clinical orientation. The draggability evaluation includes pharmacy and preclinical safety. It should focus on the factors such as substance benchmark,dosage,toxic herbal medicines,clinical use and so on. Industrialization considerations need to focus on how to use modern industrialization methods to prepare modern compound preparations with the same quality as material benchmarks. The use of extracts may be an effective way to solve the problems of low utilization rate of decoction pieces and inadequate industrial advantages. Clinical orientation should be clear about the main effect,take into account the secondary effect, pay attention to the negative effect, and consider the level of clinical value. A series of corresponding development strategies and ideas are proposed in order to provide references for enterprises and researchers who select and layout classical famous formula, to promote the development of classical prescription compound preparation.

Learning experience and expectations of first MBBS students:A questionnaire based survey.

Background: With educational shift, towards active, reflective, student led learning, the outcome of traditional, teacher centred and outcome oriented approach needs to be studied. Feedback questionnaire is a useful tool in this context. Objectives: This paper reports first year MBBS student’s experiences and preferences regarding teaching, learning and assessment methods as well as the desirable qualities of a good teacher, with the objective of using these for effective teaching. Method : Structured validated questionnaire was administered to first year students (n=90) and pertained to the various aspects of teaching and evaluation in the Department of Physiology. Results : Medical student’s favoured interactive lectures(80%), shorter duration (65%), self study (46%), and clinical orientation (54%).They appreciated audiovisual aids (90%), applied physiology (83%), frequent evaluation (46%), the preferred mode of assessment was Short questions(SAQ) and Multiple choice questions(MCQ) (74%). Qualities highly rated in a teacher were teaching skills, knowledge and approachability. Absenteeism was largely attributed to tiring schedule and priority to self study (56%). Conclusion :Short interactive sessions, use of multimedia, clinically oriented preclinical years, MCQs and SAQs are preferred by students. Hence optimum utilization of teaching hours with a learner oriented approach involving various strategies of teaching and evaluation can enhance its effectiveness.

Multiple Station Clinical Orientation for Undergraduate Education / 한국의학교육

The socio-economic environment of the Republic of Korea is currently on the threshold of becoming that of developed country upon graduating from the league of developing countries and we are seeking i nternationalization and globalization of our society. There have been a great pressure of demands for changes in Korean medical education in line with the new socio-economic and technological changes and developments, but unfortunately there have been very little changes in Korean medical education curriculum which has been used since 1970. There appears to be a lot of disparities between the Korean medical education curriculum and those of the developed countries and our medical curriculum lags way behind in its quality standards as the medical education curricula in the North American countries and British Commonwealth countries have consistently revised and improved ever since 1970s with progress of their medical education programs, In this context it won't be an exaggeration at all even if we say that the watershed where the medical education curricula of the developed countries and that of the Korean medical education begins from the clinical practice. According to the medical education curriculum which we are applying presently, there are many cases of skipping the preparation steps and procedures in attending clinical practice sessions and this has been the main reason why the students who are on clinical practice have been unable to perform practices properly and they merely become spectators or observers due to their fear complexes and lack of clinical skill competencies. In order to tackle this problem the Medical Education Council of Korea University prepared a foundation of improvement by conducting a questionaire research on the 1993 clinical practices. Based on this research we introduced a clinical practice orientation program for a duration of one week by reducing the duration of summer vacation but without changing the 1993 curriulum. During the orientation period we tried to minimize classroom teaching and emphasized manual skill competency development based on clinical practices whereby students rotated educational stations by forming groups of 8 persons each. I, hereby, report this successful case of experiment as we have gained a high level of favorable responses from the students of the corresponding school years upon implementation of the new initiatives in three consecutive years, i.e. in 1993, 1994 and 1995.